Striking Cases of Civic Space Violations in Bangladesh

April 2025

Technical Guidance

Ahmed Swapan Mahmud

Supervised and Edited by

Musharrat Mahera

Analysis and Report

Promiti Prova Chowdhury

Published by

Voices for Interactive Choice and Empowerment (VOICE)

House 35, Block-Ka, Pisciculture Housing Society, Shyamoli, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh

Contact: [email protected]; Website: www.voicebd.org; Phone: +88-02-58150588

Published in

April 2025

Copyright©

Voices for Interactive Choice and Empowerment (VOICE)

Any part of the report can be used with proper citation and acknowledgement. The views, opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the report are strictly those of the publisher.

The report is developed under the project titled ‘Collaborative Actions for Promoting Digital and Civic Space and Combating Gender Disinformation’, funded by the European Union, Free Press Unlimited, and Article 19, and jointly implemented by VOICE and The Daily Ittefaq.

ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SDG	Sustainable Development Goals
ICT	Information and Communication Technology
GD	Gender Disinformation
LGBTQIA+	Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, and the + holds space for the expanding and new understanding of different parts of the very diverse gender and sexual identities
ICCPR	International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
CEDAW	Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CSO	Civil Society Organisation
CSO	Cyber Safety Ordinance
DSA	Digital Security Act
CSA	Cyber Security Act
UDHR	Universal Declaration of Human Rights
DCS	Digital and Civic Space
TFGBV	Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence
DMP	Dhaka Metropolitan Police

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This paper, Striking Cases of Civic Space Violations in Bangladesh, is the outcome of a six-month-long media monitoring effort, conducted under the project titled ‘Collaborative Actions for Promoting Digital and Civic Space and Combating Gender Disinformation’, funded by the European Union, Free Press Unlimited, and Article 19, and jointly implemented by VOICE and The Daily Ittefaq. From October 2024, the project team undertook systematic daily monitoring of television broadcasts, print and online media, social media, and Google Alerts to track and document violations of freedom of expression, press freedom, and digital rights. The findings have been compiled in this publication through detailed case stories that portray the evolving threats to civic and digital participation in Bangladesh.

Over the monitoring period, several categories of violations were observed, including killings, arbitrary detentions, harassment, torture, enforced disappearances, threats, and violence, particularly targeting journalists, human rights defenders, and minority voices. Alarming trends include the criminalisation of online expression, defamation and vexatious cases, enforced media censorship, excessive use of force by state actors, and the deployment of legal instruments such as the Cyber Security Act (CSA) to suppress dissent. A wide array of documented cases also reflect the systemic marginalisation of vulnerable groups and the failure of enforcement mechanisms to provide accountability or protection.

A politically charged atmosphere further complicates the legislative landscape, with state actors pushing for tighter control over digital spaces while civil society groups, student bodies, and media stakeholders advocate for fundamental rights and transparency. The imbalance of power and lack of inclusive dialogue have intensified mistrust between the government and rights-based organisations.

Of particular concern is the growing phenomenon of gender-based disinformation (GD), a deeply embedded and complex issue in the country. In the digital age, misinformation and disinformation are widespread globally, but GD has taken a particularly insidious form in Bangladesh. Rooted in patriarchal norms, socio-cultural prejudices, and discriminatory political or religious narratives, GD disproportionately targets women and LGBTQIA+ individuals. It manifests in online harassment, character assassination, and coordinated disinformation campaigns intended to delegitimise, silence, and intimidate.

This initiative directly contributes to the advancement of Sustainable Development Goal 16, particularly Target 16.10, which calls for ensuring public access to information and protecting fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements. The documentation of violence against journalists and suppression of digital rights reflects the urgency to uphold this target. By shedding light on such violations, this paper not only creates a record of ongoing challenges but also offers crucial evidence to support policy reforms and advocacy efforts aimed at safeguarding civic freedoms.

Grounded in the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) the report calls for urgent reforms to uphold digital freedoms, ensure accountability, and protect the right to information, association, and participation in governance. It recommends a rights-based approach to digital policy-making, stronger safeguards against censorship, and greater civic engagement to reclaim shrinking spaces for expression and activism.

CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

In recent years, Bangladesh has experienced a steady constriction of both digital and civic spaces, whether online or offline, where individuals and communities are meant to freely express themselves, associate, access information, and participate in public life. These fundamental freedoms, enshrined under SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions), are vital for ensuring transparency, accountability, and inclusive governance. However, this civic landscape has come under increasing threat, particularly for civil society actors, journalists, women, and gender-diverse individuals.

A major driver of this shrinkage has been the deliberate use of legal and regulatory instruments to suppress critical voices and curtail the free flow of information. Bangladesh’s digital landscape, once envisioned as a platform for inclusive participation, has instead seen a disturbing evolution of state control; starting with the ICT Act of 2006, which paved the way for widespread surveillance. Over time, more repressive legal mechanisms such as the Digital Security Act (2018) and the Cyber Security Act (2023) have been introduced. These laws, instead of safeguarding users, have enabled lawful interception by intelligence agencies and allowed authorities to detain, harass, or silence dissenters on broad and often vague grounds. Meanwhile, the government’s increasing use of surveillance technologies and censorship tools including social media blackouts, website blocking, and takedown orders has contributed to an atmosphere of fear and self-censorship.

Civic engagement, which includes activities such as digital activism, public protest, campaigning, and participation in governance processes, has been significantly undermined in this context. The decline in civic space is further compounded by a culture of impunity surrounding violence against journalists, human rights defenders, and activists. Threats, harassment, defamation, physical attacks, enforced disappearances, and arbitrary detentions have become distressingly common. The perpetrators of these violations often enjoy protection, while victims are denied justice. This erosion of civic freedoms and lack of accountability threatens the core democratic fabric of the country.

Among the emerging threats in this fraught environment is gender disinformation – a particularly insidious form of false information deliberately targeting women and gender-diverse individuals. Gender disinformation, which constitutes a type of online gender-based violence, is aimed at silencing free expression and attacking personal credibility. Rooted in deep-seated patriarchal attitudes and discriminatory social norms, these campaigns circulate misleading narratives about women and LGBTQIA+ persons, exploiting both digital and traditional media channels. Such attacks not only endanger the safety and mental well-being of those targeted but also hinder their ability to engage in public discourse and civic life. By shaping public perception through manipulated content, gender disinformation reinforces stereotypes and marginalizes underrepresented voices.

This increasingly hostile information ecosystem stands in direct violation of the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), particularly Articles 18 to 22. These provisions uphold freedom of thought and expression (Articles 18 and 19), the right to peaceful assembly and association (Article 20), political participation (Article 21), and access to social protection and security (Article 22). In the digital age, these rights extend to online environments where disinformation, surveillance, and censorship distort public narratives, undermine democratic engagement, and deepen existing inequalities.

The current publication is grounded in this complex and concerning context. It is the outcome of six months of daily media monitoring (October 2024 to March 2025), conducted across television broadcasts, print newspapers, online portals, and social media platforms, supported by automated tools like Google Alerts. The documentation effort forms part of the project Collaborative Actions for Promoting Digital and Civic Space and Combating Gender Disinformation, funded by the European Union, Free Press Unlimited, and ARTICLE 19, and jointly implemented by VOICE and The Daily Ittefaq. The report aims to capture and analyze critical violations ranging from killings, arbitrary detentions, torture, and harassment to censorship, online criminalization, and violence against women journalists; presented in detailed case story format.

Importantly, this initiative contributes directly to SDG Target 16.10, which calls for ensuring public access to information and protecting fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements. By spotlighting key patterns of violations and proposing evidence-based recommendations, this paper offers a crucial resource for policymakers, civil society actors, and the media to restore democratic safeguards, protect vulnerable communities, and strengthen institutional accountability.

Figure 1: The Dimensions of Civic Space

CHAPTER 2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Bangladesh’s legal framework for safeguarding digital and civic spaces and addressing gender-based disinformation has evolved over time, with a mix of older penal provisions and newer digital laws. However, the overall landscape remains fragmented, with several overlapping, ambiguous, and at times contradictory regulations that risk undermining fundamental rights. There is indeed a significant political divide among various groups, including student organisations, political parties, and non-government and civil society organisations (CSO), regarding the proposed Cyber Safety Ordinance. The government and law enforcement agencies prioritize their own interests, often seeking to ensure that the ordinance serves to reinforce their power and control. The ultimate influence over the ordinance lies largely in the hands of political parties and bureaucrats, whose decisions are shaped by their own agendas and priorities. While the government seeks to enact policies that consolidate authority and control, student organisations and CSOs are advocating for a more balanced and inclusive approach, one that protects fundamental rights and freedoms in the digital realm. The government, backed by law enforcement agencies, is likely to push for measures that silence dissent and suppress any opposition to its actions, especially if those opposing views challenge the government’s control over the digital space.

The recently approved Cyber Safety Ordinance 2024 has triggered significant alarm among legal experts, journalists, and rights groups. The interim government has made some positive strides such as scrapping nine contentious provisions from the draft Cyber Safety Ordinance that were remnants of the Cyber Security Act 2023 and the Digital Security Act 2018. These provisions criminalised, among others, defamation, cyberbullying, ‘hurting of religious sentiments’, and allowed for search and arrests without warrants. Even though vague wording like ‘hurting of religious sentiments’ was removed from the new draft, it, however, includes a provision criminalising the dissemination of content that incites hatred among religious and ethnic communities.

Nonetheless, Section 26 of the new ordinance continues to raise red flags by criminalizing any publication that “intends to spread hate” among religious and ethnic communities. Although government officials claim the provision will be interpreted in line with the Penal Code, its open-ended language invites broad interpretation and misuse. In practice, such laws have historically been applied disproportionately against minorities, journalists, and political opponents, threatening freedom of expression and creating a chilling effect on public discourse.

The Ordinance further proposes the establishment of a National Cybersecurity Council, chaired by the Head of State and composed of high-ranking officials from intelligence and defence. Section 8 gives the director general of the National Cybersecurity Agency sweeping powers to remove or block any content deemed a cybersecurity risk, without judicial oversight. This centralization of authority without adequate checks and balances risks politicization, overreach, and suppression of dissent, especially in the absence of an independent review mechanism.

Provisions such as Sections 33 and 35, which empower the police to enter, search, seize, and arrest in cases involving cybersecurity threats, lack proper safeguards and judicial scrutiny. Although the government claims such powers are now limited to threats against critical infrastructure, vague definitions and prior precedents suggest that these provisions could be weaponized to harass critics, stifle dissent, and promote a culture of fear and self-censorship. This raises broader concerns about the erosion of democratic discourse and the potential for abuse under the guise of cybersecurity enforcement.

In addition to threats to civic space, the legal framework remains inadequate in addressing technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV), a key element of which is gender disinformation. While several laws attempt to tackle digital harms against women and children, including the Pornography Control Act (2012), Women and Children Repression Prevention Act (2000), and Bangladesh Telecommunication Act (2001), most were not designed with digital platforms in mind. For instance, while Section 8(1) of the Pornography Control Act criminalizes coercion and deception in the production of pornographic content, and Section 69 of the Telecommunication Act criminalizes sending obscene or threatening messages, enforcement remains weak and often victim-blaming.

The 2009 High Court guideline on sexual harassment established important precedents, defining various forms of sexual misconduct across workplaces and public spheres. However, its enforcement in the online domain remains limited. Similarly, the Children Act of 2013 criminalizes publishing any identifying information of a child involved in legal proceedings but falls short in addressing digital exploitation and grooming.

The newly approved Cyber Safety Ordinance has been criticized for lacking specific provisions on protecting women, children, and marginalized communities in digital spaces. Legal experts have pointed out its failure to define or address sexual harassment online, leaving victims of gendered digital abuse with limited recourse. Without gender-sensitive frameworks or clear investigative protocols, survivors face further traumatization or legal inaction.

Despite the existence of these legal tools, gaps in clarity, coordination, and enforcement continue to pose significant barriers to the protection of digital rights and gender justice. There is an urgent need to harmonize national legislation with global human rights frameworks such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and to ensure that emerging laws like the Cyber Safety Ordinance are informed by principles of transparency, accountability, and inclusivity.

Until independent oversight bodies are established and empowered, and legal definitions are aligned with international norms, Bangladesh’s legal landscape will continue to fall short of safeguarding civic space and protecting vulnerable communities in the digital age.

CHAPTER 3: PRESS FREEDOM AND RECENT VIOLATIONS

The current state of press freedom in Bangladesh is deeply concerning, especially in light of recent developments. Since October last year, VOICE has documented at least 73 significant incidents reported in prominent newspapers and online platforms. These cases reflect a troubling pattern of harassment, intimidation, and attacks on cultural expression. A selection of the most striking incidents involving violations against journalists and curbs on free speech are outlined below.

Case 1

Journalist Swapan Bhadra hacked to death in Mymensingh

Swapan Bhadra, a 55-year-old journalist and former vice president of the Tarakanda Press Club, was known for his fearless reporting on local issues, particularly regarding crime, drug trafficking, and corruption in Mymensingh. He was associated with both local and national newspapers and had a reputation for taking an outspoken stance against illegal activities. On the morning of October 12, 2024, Swapan Bhadra was brutally hacked to death outside his home in Tarakanda upazila, Mymensingh. He was attacked while reading a newspaper. According to law enforcement officials, the prime suspect in the attack is a local drug dealer named Sagar, with whom Bhadra had a longstanding dispute. Eyewitnesses reported that Sagar approached Bhadra and launched a sudden and violent assault using a sharp weapon, inflicting fatal injuries. Despite efforts by bystanders to rush him to Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bhadra succumbed to his injuries. Following the incident, the Officer-in-Charge of Kotwali Model Police Station confirmed that law enforcement authorities were actively pursuing the suspect. Investigations were underway to determine whether Sagar acted alone or had accomplices. Legal procedures to formally prosecute the perpetrator were also in motion. The murder highlights the risks journalists face when covering sensitive topics, particularly those related to crime and corruption. It underscores the dangers faced by journalists who report on criminal activities. It raises critical concerns about press freedom, journalist safety, and the need for institutional mechanisms to protect reporters from violent retaliation.

Type of violation: Killing

Source: The Business Standard

Link: https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/crime/journalist-hacked-death-mymensingh-964901

Case 2

Journalist Pradip Chowdhury Arrested Amid Political Tensions in Khagrachhari

Pradip Chowdhury, president of the Khagrachhari Journalist Union and district correspondent for the daily Samakal, was arrested amid a turbulent political landscape. His arrest came shortly after a significant political shift on August 5, leading to a series of legal actions against him. Five separate cases have been filed against Pradip, four of which were lodged by BNP leaders and activists. These cases accuse him of orchestrating attacks on BNP leaders and vandalizing party offices. Additionally, he has been implicated in a case related to a confrontation with anti-discrimination student protesters. The situation has taken a dire turn as six other journalists from Khagrachhari have also been named in similar cases, raising concerns about press freedom in the region. Journalists in neighbouring Rangamati have responded with strong opposition, calling Pradip’s arrest an act of “assault and interference with independent journalism.” In protest, they staged a symbolic strike and submitted a memorandum to the chief adviser through the Rangamati deputy commissioner. Their demands include the unconditional release of all arrested journalists and the withdrawal of what they term as false cases. The incident underscores the increasing challenges faced by journalists in politically volatile environments.

Type of violation: Arbitrary detention

Source: Dhaka Tribune

Link: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/363166/journalist-arrested-in-khagrachari

Case 3

Journalist Attacked While Covering Event in Jamalpur

Shahidul Islam Nirob, Jamalpur district correspondent for The Daily Star, was brutally attacked in November last year while on duty, covering an event organised by the Bangladesh Chhatra Union, the student wing of the Communist Party of Bangladesh. The assault highlights growing threats against journalists, even in public spaces where they are simply performing their professional duties. According to reports, a group of miscreants launched the attack after mistakenly identifying the gathering as a Chhatra League conference. Despite clearly identifying himself as a journalist, Nirob was not spared from the violence. Witnesses described how he was assaulted in broad daylight, suffering injuries that required hospital admission. The attack has sparked concerns among media professionals and press freedom advocates, who view such incidents as direct threats to the safety of journalists in Bangladesh. Many have called for immediate action against the perpetrators and stronger protections for journalists working in politically charged environments. As Nirob recovers from his injuries, his case stands as yet another grim reminder of the increasing risks journalists face while reporting on events, even those unrelated to political conflicts. Media watchdogs have urged authorities to take swift action to prevent further violence against journalists.

Type of violation: Bodily injury and assault

Source: Dhaka Tribune

Link: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/365317/journalist-injured-in-attack-by-miscreants-in

Case 4

Government Revokes Press Accreditation of 167 Journalists Amid Political Shift

In a sweeping move, the government has revoked the permanent and temporary press accreditation cards of 118 more journalists, including editors, reporters, and TV station executives. The Press Information Department under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued the latest order on November 7, 2024. With this, the total number of journalists stripped of their accreditation now stands at 167. Press accreditation cards are essential for media personnel to access the Secretariat, a crucial hub for governmental reporting. The crackdown began on October 29, with 20 journalists losing their accreditation, followed by another 29 in early November. The government has justified the cancellations by citing various reasons, including failure to renew cards, excessive card issuance, alleged unethical journalism, political involvement, criminal charges, and misuse of accreditation for personal benefits. The notice also controversially mentioned “negative roles in student movements,” “incitement to unrest,” and affiliations with “fascist” elements as grounds for the decision. However, in a new development, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued a notice on December 19, 2024, stating that the interim government would reconsider the revocations after the fall of the Awami League government. Affected journalists may submit written requests for reinstatement, signalling a potential reversal of this sweeping action.

Type of violation: Enforcement mechanism

Source: The Daily Star

Link: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/govt-strips-118-more-journos-accreditation-3749881

Case 5

Journalist’s House Attacked in Rupganj, Narayanganj

In a chilling incident in Rupganj, Narayanganj, the house of Jahangir Mahmud, a correspondent for the daily Kalbela, came under attack. Miscreants fired at his residence, and police later recovered a bullet shell from the scene. Jahangir has accused Masudur Rahman, the former vice-chairman of Narayanganj Chhatra Dal, and his followers of being behind the attack. Jahangir had been reporting on several illicit activities in the region, including drug dealing and land grabbing involving Md Yasin Mia, the former co-vice president of Narayanganj Chhatra Dal. Jahangir claims that Yasin had been pressuring him for Tk 2 lakh, especially after the recent fall of the Awami League government. Adding to the tension, Jahangir reports a prior incident on November 16, 2024, when Yasin and his supporters allegedly broke into his house and physically assaulted him. In response to the attack, the Organizing Secretary of the Rupganj Press Club has filed a case, calling for justice. The attack has raised serious concerns about the safety of journalists in Narayanganj, particularly those reporting on corruption and political influence. The case highlights the growing risks faced by journalists when investigating powerful political figures.

Type of violation: Threat/Harassment and Intimidation/Bodily injury and assault

Source: bdnews24.com

Link: https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/6743dbaa27b9

Case 6

Desh Rupantor Journalist Abul Hossain Ripon Granted Bail in Controversial Case

Abul Hossain Ripon, Sonagazi correspondent for Desh Rupantor, has been granted bail in a case related to casualties during an anti-discrimination student movement. Ripon was detained by the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) on November 18, 2024, following a case filed by Abdur Rob, a CNG driver. The case, which named 142 individuals and implicated 70 unidentified persons, listed Ripon as the 52nd defendant. In court, Abdur Rob testified that he did not know Ripon personally and claimed that BNP-Jamaat leaders had given him BDT 10,000 to sign blank stamp papers. This revelation raised doubts about the legitimacy of Ripon’s inclusion in the case. Ripon, who has been working as a journalist for over two decades, strongly refuted the allegations. He suggested that personal animosity could have played a role in his wrongful inclusion. The case, which highlights ongoing tensions surrounding the student movement, has raised concerns about the potential misuse of legal processes to target journalists. Ripon’s bail has been seen as a temporary relief, but it continues to underline the challenges journalists face when caught in politically charged situations.

Type of violation: Vexatious case

Source: Desh Rupantor

Link: https://rb.gy/cmwvf6

Case 7

Journalist Abdullah Al Mahmud Attacked by BNP Activists in Brahmanbaria

Abdullah Al Mahmud, a journalist, was attacked while covering an incident in Brahmanbaria on the morning of February 21, at the local Shaheed Minar. The situation unfolded when BNP’s student and youth wings accused two activists of the National Citizens’ Committee of being members of the Chhatra League. As tensions escalated, Mahmud, who was present to report the incident, began recording the event on his mobile phone. In response, a group of 10-12 BNP activists, led by KM Bashir Uddin Tuhin, general secretary of BNP’s upazila unit, reportedly turned violent. They forcibly snatched Mahmud’s phone and physically assaulted him, targeting his face, eyes, head, neck, and other parts of his body. The journalist sustained severe injuries, raising alarm over the safety of reporters in politically charged environments. This attack highlights the growing risks faced by journalists attempting to cover events in volatile political settings. Mahmud’s assault has drawn attention to the need for stronger protections for the press, especially as incidents like these threaten press freedom and the ability to report on unfolding events without fear of retribution.

Type of violation: Assault and Bodily Injury

Source: The Daily Star

Link: https://youtu.be/3w9hxwVAbvI

Case 8

Lalon Festival Disrupted by Threats from Tawhidi Janata in Naryanganj

The annual Mohoti Sadhusanga and Lalon Mela, a two-day cultural and spiritual festival held in Naryanganj to honour the mystic poet Lalon Shah, was abruptly halted due to mounting protests and threats from the local group ‘Tawhidi Janata.’ The festival, which draws hundreds of attendees, was disrupted when a large group of demonstrators marched through Narsinghpur village, vocally demanding the cancellation of the event. The situation escalated as the protesters gathered at the Eidgah field near Muktidham Ashram, where Abdul Awal, the Central Nayeb-e-Ameer of Hifazat-e-Islam, delivered a speech in which he threatened to forcibly halt the festival. The demonstrators, with strong backing from the group, submitted a memorandum to the district commissioner, reiterating their demand to stop the event. The protest, rooted in concerns over religious sentiment and practices associated with the festival, underscores the growing tensions between cultural events and religious groups in Bangladesh. The disruption has raised serious questions about the limits of freedom of expression and cultural practices in the face of rising religiously motivated protests. Local authorities are yet to comment on the status of the event, which had been a significant part of the region’s cultural heritage for years.

Type of Violation: Limiting cultural expression

Source: bdnews24.com

Link: https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/c20f2f2ace0a

Case 9

Women’s Football Match in Joypurhat Disrupted by Protests

A women’s football match in Joypurhat was abruptly called off after a group of locals and madrasa students staged a protest, calling the event “anti-Islamic.” The unrest began when demonstrators gathered at the Independence Square and raised objections to the match, which had been organised as part of a local sports initiative. Claiming the event went against Islamic values, the protesters marched towards the football pitch, where tensions escalated. Once at the venue, the protesters vandalised the area, tearing down the fence around the pitch in an act of defiance. The incident, which was broadcast live on Facebook, quickly gained widespread attention. The disruption forced event organisers to cancel the match, leaving players and spectators in distress.

The situation highlighted the growing divide between conservative views and the promotion of women’s sports in some regions. Despite the controversy, the cancellation of the match sparked a conversation about the challenges women face in pursuing sports in certain cultural contexts. Local authorities are investigating the incident, with calls for better regulation of public events to prevent such disturbances in the future.

Type of Violation: Harassment and Intimidation

Source: The Daily Star

Link: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/girls-football-match-called-after-venue-vandalised-3811051

Case 10

Poet Sohel Hasan Galib Arrested Over Allegations of Insulting Prophet Muhammad

On February 13, 2024, poet and essayist Sohel Hasan Galib was arrested by the Detective Branch of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) on charges of “insulting” Prophet Muhammad. The arrest followed an investigation into his writings, which allegedly contained offensive content regarding the Prophet. Galib, known for his thought-provoking poetry and essays, was taken to the Detective Branch office for further questioning after his arrest. The allegations, stemming from specific posts and statements made by Galib, sparked public outrage, and his arrest quickly became a point of contention in discussions about freedom of expression and religious sensitivities. This incident highlights the ongoing tension between artistic freedom and the protection of religious sentiments in Bangladesh. Galib’s arrest raises critical questions about the limits of free speech, particularly for writers and intellectuals who often challenge societal norms. Following the arrest, discussions erupted on social media and in public forums, with some condemning the arrest as an infringement on artistic freedom, while others supported it, citing the protection of religious values. The case is set to continue to unfold as authorities investigate the alleged offense further.

Type of Violation: Arbitrary Detention

Source: New Age

Link: https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/257945/police-arrests-poet-essayist-sohel-hasan-galib

Case 11

NCTB Member Rakhal Raha Sued Under Cyber Security Act

Rakhal Raha, also known as Sajjadur Rahman, a member of the National Curriculum and Textbook Board’s (NCTB) textbook revision and modification committee, has been sued under the Cyber Security Act (CSA) for allegedly hurting religious sentiments. The case, which accuses him of posting content online that disrespected religious beliefs, highlights the ongoing legal and political complexities surrounding digital laws in Bangladesh. This legal action comes amid broader concerns over the misuse of the CSA, a law that has faced significant backlash from rights activists, lawyers, CSOs, digital rights experts, academicians, and cultural activists. Despite growing calls for its repeal, particularly after the July revolution, the government has not yet introduced a replacement law. The proposed Cyber Protection Ordinance, intended to replace the CSA, has also drawn criticism for similar provisions that could restrict freedom of expression. While public pressure has mounted for the repeal of the CSA, its continuation, coupled with the absence of a finalised alternative, creates a legal void that further complicates the situation. Critics argue that such laws are often used to target individuals for their online activities, leading to self-censorship and stifling free speech. The case against Rahman, therefore, becomes emblematic of the broader struggle over digital freedoms in Bangladesh, where legal uncertainty continues to weigh heavily on online discourse.

Type of Violation: CSA case against public

Source: The Daily Observer

Link: https://www.observerbd.com/news/514772

Case 12

Assault on Journalist Following Report on BNP Leader

Sujan Mahmud, a local journalist serving as the Rajibpur upazila correspondent for the Daily Khola Kagoj, came under attack allegedly for publishing a news report against a local political leader. The incident took place in Char Rajibpur upazila of Kurigram district. According to Sujan, the attack occurred at night while he was with fellow journalists at “Computer Goli” in Rajibpur Bazar. Suddenly, a group of 30 to 35 men, allegedly followers of Mokhlesur Rahman—former president of Char Rajibpur upazila BNP—launched an assault on him. The attackers reportedly beat him without provocation, in what Sujan believes was a direct retaliation for a report he had published earlier. The report, dated January 3, 2024, contained allegations of irregularities involving Mokhlesur Rahman, which Sujan claims sparked the outrage among the BNP leader’s loyalists. Sujan sustained multiple injuries in the assault and was taken to the Char Rajibpur Upazila Health Complex. Dr Hasibur Rahman, the resident medical officer at the facility, confirmed that Sujan received primary treatment for his injuries. When contacted, Mokhlesur Rahman, who was reportedly in Dhaka at the time of the incident, denied any knowledge of the attack. He stated that he would investigate the matter and act against any followers found guilty, once he returns to Rajibpur. Meanwhile, Char Rajibpur Police Station’s Officer-in-Charge, Taslim Uddin, acknowledged hearing about the incident. However, he said the police are yet to receive a formal complaint.

Type of Violation: Bodily injury and assault

Source: The Daily Star

Link: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/journo-assaulted-after-writing-against-bnp-leader-3814956

Case 13

Protest for Teacher Appointments Dispersed by Police with Force

A peaceful protest by teachers demanding the reinstatement of 6,531 assistant teacher appointments in government primary schools turned violent when police used force to disperse the demonstrators. The teachers, who had been protesting the High Court order that annulled their recruitment, marched towards the Secretariat, hoping to bring attention to their cause. However, law enforcement intercepted the protestors in front of Shikkha Bhaban. The situation escalated when police charged batons on the male protesters and deployed water cannons to target the female demonstrators. Tear gas shells and sound grenades were also used to disperse the crowd, creating chaos and panic among the protesters. Sanjeedul Alam, a teacher from Tangail, described the harsh response, stating that the male protesters were subjected to baton charges, while the female protesters were hit with powerful jets of water. The teachers have been rallying for the cancellation of the High Court ruling, which had scrapped their appointments as assistant teachers in government primary schools. The protest turned into a clash with police, highlighting the growing tension between the protesting teachers and law enforcement. The use of force has raised concerns about the handling of peaceful demonstrations and the rights of the protestors.

Type of Violation: Freedom of Assembly

Source: Dhaka Tribune

Link: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/water-cannons-batons-used-disperse-protesters-3825466

Case 14

Dhaka Metropolitan Police Bans Protests Near Key Government Areas

In a move that has raised concerns about public expression, the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) issued a statement banning rallies, demonstrations, and sit-ins near key government buildings, including the State Guest House Jamuna and the Secretariat in the capital. The ban, which also applies to the surrounding areas such as Shahbagh intersection, Hotel Intercontinental intersection, Kakrail intersection, and Mintu Road, was enforced citing DMP Ordinance Section 29. The order, effective immediately, has sparked reactions from political activists and civil rights organizations, who see it as an attempt to stifle public dissent. Authorities justified the measure by citing concerns over security and the need to maintain public order near sensitive government facilities. However, critics argue that such restrictions infringe upon the right to peaceful assembly and protest, essential elements of democratic expression. This development comes amidst growing political tensions and public dissatisfaction, with many fearing that the move could escalate into a broader crackdown on free speech and political participation. The DMP’s action has prompted calls for dialogue on balancing security concerns with fundamental rights in a democratic society, as citizens and groups weigh the implications for future protests in the capital.

Type of Violation: Freedom of Assembly

Source: bdnews24.com

Link: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/ec4209ec570e

Case 15

Columnist Sued for ‘Hurting Religious Sentiments’ in Kurigram

A case has been filed against Nahid Hasan, a columnist and trustee of the Bangladesh Artists Welfare Trust Board, for allegedly hurting religious sentiments through a social media post. The case was lodged at Chilmari Police Station by Golam Mostafa, a resident of Chotokushtari village in Thanahat union. He accused Nahid of creating public outrage by sharing a screenshot of a follower’s post that allegedly demeaned Islam. The case has been filed under the Cyber Security Act. Nahid, a teacher and organiser from Ramna Mistripara in Chilmari, is accused of promoting content deemed offensive to religious values. Though the original post was not made by him, his act of sharing it on social media has drawn criticism and legal consequences. Following the filing of the case, members of the Tawheedi Muslim Janata held a protest march in Chilmari, demanding the arrest and punishment of the accused. The protest drew significant attention in the locality, further intensifying pressure on law enforcement. Police confirmed that operations are ongoing to locate and arrest Nahid. The case comes amid broader concerns over the use of the Cyber Security Act to regulate online speech, especially around sensitive religious topics.

Type of Violation: CSA case against public

Source: The Daily Star

Link: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/columnist-nahid-sued-hurting-religious-sentiments-3832461

CHAPTER 4. CASES OF GENDER DISINFORMATION

Gender disinformation in Bangladesh targets women and LGBTQIA+ individuals through online abuse, smear campaigns, and character attacks aimed at silencing and excluding them. Rooted in patriarchy and spread via media and social platforms, GD reinforces harmful norms and limits civic participation. The following four cases illustrate how GD operates and impacts lives in the Bangladeshi context.

Case 1

False Propaganda Targets Anti-Discrimination Leader Nusrat Tabassum

A recent wave of online harassment has targeted Nusrat Tabassum, a central executive committee member of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement and a student of Dhaka University’s Department of Political Science. A video, falsely claimed to be a “leaked secret video of Coordinator Nusrat,” has gone viral on social media, accompanied by malicious captions such as “Bedi Coordinator Nusrat Tabassum is finished” and “Bedi Coordinator Nusrat Tabassum gifted the nation 3 minutes and 12 seconds.” These derogatory texts have fueled a smear campaign against her, aiming to tarnish her reputation and undermine her activism. Upon investigation, Rumour Scanner found that the video in question had been circulating online since 2022 and did not feature Nusrat Tabassum. The video, which was being presented as a recent leak, was revealed to have no connection to her, debunking the false claims. The spread of this disinformation highlights the growing challenges activists face in the digital age, where online harassment and defamation are often used as tools to silence voices of dissent. Nusrat Tabassum has yet to publicly respond to the smear campaign, but the incident underscores the need for vigilance against the harmful effects of fake news and online abuse.

Source: Rumour Scanner

Link: https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/coordinator-nusrat-tabassum-fake-video/136350

Case 2

Deepfake Scandal Involving Press Secretary’s Daughter Sparks Outrage

A disturbing case of deepfake manipulation has emerged, involving the daughter of Press Secretary Shafiqkul Alam. The incident centers around doctored images that went viral, showing the public figure’s daughter in explicit content. The manipulated images were created by replacing the face of a porn actor with that of the Press Secretary’s daughter, a blatant attempt at character assassination. The incident has raised alarm among both the public and authorities, highlighting the growing menace of AI-generated image manipulation and its potential to cause irreparable damage to individuals’ reputations. Fact Watch, an organisation dedicated to combating misinformation, has confirmed that the images circulating online were heavily doctored, exposing the malicious use of deepfake technology for spreading falsehoods. This case has sparked outrage, with many questioning the ethics and accountability of individuals behind such content. It has also underscored the increasing vulnerability of public figures and their families to such attacks in the digital age. Authorities are investigating the matter, with calls for stricter regulation of AI manipulation and measures to protect individuals from online character assassination. As the case unfolds, it serves as a stark reminder of the dangers posed by digital misinformation.

Source: Fact Watch

Link: https://www.fact-watch.org/press-secretary-daughter-altered-photo/?sfnsn=wa

Case 3

False AI-Generated Image Targets Syeda Rizwana Hasan and Mehazabien

A fabricated and degrading narrative has emerged involving Syeda Rizwana Hasan, the Forest and Environment Advisor, and Mehazabien Chowdhury, a renowned Bangladeshi actress and model. An AI-generated photocard falsely depicts Mehazabien in an absurd scenario, wearing a dress made from ‘environmentally friendly condoms’. The altered image, paired with a humiliating caption, seems aimed at tarnishing the reputations of both individuals. In the fabricated narrative, Advisor Rizwana is wrongfully portrayed as endorsing this bizarre and inappropriate use of condoms, adding to the absurdity and harm of the content. The intent behind this manipulation is clear: to degrade and ridicule both the celebrity and the environmental advocate. Such misleading content, driven by technology, highlights the growing dangers of AI manipulation in the media. It raises serious concerns about the spread of false narratives that target public figures, potentially causing lasting damage to their personal and professional lives. In this case, the combination of celebrity culture and environmental advocacy has been used to create a shameful and harmful portrayal, revealing the need for greater vigilance and responsibility in media representation.

Source: Fact Watch

Link: https://perma.cc/KK6Z-YPA2

Case 4

Circular claiming Puja Cherry as advisor to ‘Chhatra Shibir women wing’ surfaces across social media

A false circular last year circulated on social media, attributed to the women’s wing of Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir, the student organisation linked to the Jamaat-e-Islami political party. The circular falsely claimed that popular Bangladeshi actress Puja Cherry had been appointed as the law and human rights advisor for the group’s “non-Muslim” wing. The misleading claim quickly gained traction, causing confusion and concern among social media users. In response, Puja Cherry took to social media to firmly deny the allegation, labelling it as a rumour. She emphasised that she had no association with the position or the organisation, aiming to protect her reputation and distance herself from the false claim. Fact-checking organisations and media outlets scrutinised the circular, exposing it as a fake. They highlighted several inconsistencies, such as the use of unofficial language and the absence of credible sources, casting doubt on its authenticity. These fact-checkers urged caution when sharing unverified information, particularly in the era of widespread digital misinformation. Monjurul Islam, president of Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir, also publicly refuted the rumour, declaring the claim completely baseless and dismissing it as an attempt to sow confusion. This incident underscores the critical need for careful fact-checking in the digital age.

Source: Somoy Entertainment

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJ4akM7LweI

CHAPTER 5. RECOMMENDATIONS

The documentation and analysis of key civic space violations over the past six months reveal a consistent pattern of shrinking digital freedoms, media repression, and gender-based disinformation. In response to these alarming trends, a series of actionable recommendations have emerged from consultations with stakeholders, media professionals, civil society actors, and legal experts. These proposals aim to safeguard civic and digital rights, protect journalists, and ensure accountability from both state and non-state actors. The following recommendations offer a strategic pathway to foster a more inclusive, transparent, and rights-based environment in Bangladesh.

Develop a Rights-Based Legal Framework: Create comprehensive laws that ensure digital platforms are held accountable for the spread of harmful and gendered content, without infringing on civil liberties.
Align with Human Rights Standards: Reform national laws to reflect international and regional human rights commitments, particularly regarding freedom of expression and protection from online violence.
Engage in Inclusive Legal Consultations: Initiate structured dialogues with legal experts, journalists, civil society actors, and affected communities to guide legislative reform.
Eliminate Authoritarian Provisions: Avoid legal clauses that allow warrantless arrests or searches, as these can be misused to target dissenting voices and reduce civic space.
Ensure Transparency and Accountability: Build a legal infrastructure that balances the regulation of harmful content with the safeguarding of individual rights and freedoms.
Protect Journalists from Online and Offline Threats: Address the increasing vulnerability of media professionals by ensuring their safety and freedom from harassment or retaliation.
Reform Media Regulatory Bodies: Strengthen the independence and effectiveness of institutions like the Press Council to provide oversight and uphold ethical standards.
Implement the Wage Board: Ensure fair compensation and labor rights for journalists to reduce vulnerability to editorial pressure or unethical practices.
Discourage ‘Media Trials’: Promote ethical journalism that avoids prematurely influencing public perception or violating the rights of individuals under legal scrutiny.
Mainstream Ethics Training in Newsrooms: Provide regular training in multimedia journalism and ethics to discourage sensationalism and promote fact-based reporting.
Promote Responsible Reporting on Marginalized Groups: Encourage sensitivity in covering children, rural communities, and other vulnerable populations who are often misrepresented.
Create a Network of Trusted News Media: Establish a collaborative platform of credible outlets to share verified content, uphold media integrity, and counter disinformation.
Develop a One-Stop Support Mechanism: Set up integrated online and offline services to assist victims of online violence, harassment, and digital rights violations.
Map and Strengthen Service Providers: Conduct a national mapping of service providers to ensure coordinated and efficient responses to digital threats.
Promote Digital Literacy at the Community Level: Empower communities through education on misinformation, online safety, and civic rights to build grassroots resilience.
Integrate CSOs into Fact-Checking Ecosystems: Engage civil society actors in content verification and task them with liaising with social media platforms for redress mechanisms.
Document and Research Gendered Disinformation: Encourage CSOs to track disinformation patterns and produce evidence-based reports to influence policy and advocacy.
Enhance Grassroots Advocacy and Capacity Building: Support long-term community engagement to promote safe civic participation and defend digital and civic rights.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

As Bangladesh continues to navigate the complexities of a rapidly evolving digital landscape, the findings of this report underscore a stark reality: civic and digital spaces are shrinking, often at the expense of fundamental rights and democratic values. From the harassment of journalists and suppression of dissent to the insidious spread of gender disinformation, the erosion of press freedom and online safety is not only a threat to individuals, it undermines the foundations of accountability, transparency, and inclusive governance.

This publication, grounded in six months of rigorous media monitoring and documentation, serves as both a record of ongoing violations and a call to action. The outlined recommendations are not merely policy suggestions but urgent imperatives for building a society where freedom of expression is protected, gender justice is prioritized, and institutions are held to account.

To achieve the targets of SDG 16.10 – ensuring public access to information and protecting fundamental freedoms – Bangladesh must adopt a rights-based, inclusive, and participatory approach. It is only through collective efforts involving the state, civil society, media, and international partners that we can restore trust, reclaim civic space, and ensure that digital platforms empower rather than endanger.

The time to act is now.